InhaltsangabePreface. Useful data. 1 Ideal gases. 1.1 Thermodynamic variables. 1.2 Microscopic viewpoint. 1.3 Ideal gas mixtures. Problems. 2 The first and second laws. 2.1 Work. 2.2 Energy conservation: the first law. 2.3 Entropy and the second law. 2.4 Boltzmann entropy. 2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example. 2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example. Problems. 3 General applications. 3.1 Thermodynamic potentials. 3.2 Heat capacity. 3.3 Properties of ideal gases. 3.4 van der Waals' Gases. 3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux. 3.6 Latent heat. 3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes. 3.8 Potential temperature. Problems. 4 The atmosphere under gravity. 4.1 Geopotential. 4.2 Hydrostatic balance. 4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate. 4.4 Buoyancy. 4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function. 4.6 Statistical mechanics. Problems. 5 Water in the atmosphere. 5.1 The Clausius Clapeyron equation. 5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure. 5.3 Humidity variables. 5.4 Moist static energy. Problems. 6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere. 6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air. 6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air. 6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities. 6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams. 6.5 Convective available potential energy. 7 Cloud drops. 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect. 7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect. 7.3 Köhler theory. 7.4 Chargeenhanced nucleation. 7.5 Droplet growth. Problems. 8 Mixtures and solutions. 8.1 Chemical potentials. 8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions. 8.3 Raoult's law revisited. 8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions. Problems. 9 Thermal radiation. 9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoff's law. 9.2 The Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien displacement laws. 9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect. 9.4 Horizontal variations. 9.5 Radiative intensity. 9.6 Radiative transfer. 9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium. 9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas. 9.9 Derivation of the Planck law. Problems. 10 Nonequilibrium processes. 10.1 Energetics of motion. 10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law. 10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems. 10.4 Climate thermodynamics. Problems. Appendix A Functions of several variables. Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability. Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams. Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux. Index.

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Leseprobe

Preface. Useful data. 1 Ideal gases. 1.1 Thermodynamic variables. 1.2 Microscopic viewpoint. 1.3 Ideal gas mixtures. Problems. 2 The first and second laws. 2.1 Work. 2.2 Energy conservation: the first law. 2.3 Entropy and the second law. 2.4 Boltzmann entropy. 2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example. 2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example. Problems. 3 General applications. 3.1 Thermodynamic potentials. 3.2 Heat capacity. 3.3 Properties of ideal gases. 3.4 van der Waals'' Gases. 3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux. 3.6 Latent heat. 3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes. 3.8 Potential temperature. Problems. 4 The atmosphere under gravity. 4.1 Geopotential. 4.2 Hydrostatic balance. 4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate. 4.4 Buoyancy. 4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function. 4.6 Statistical mechanics. Problems. 5 Water in the atmosphere. 5.1 The Clausius Clapeyron equation. 5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure. 5.3 Humidity variables. 5.4 Moist static energy. Problems. 6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere. 6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air. 6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air. 6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities. 6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams. 6.5 Convective available potential energy. 7 Cloud drops. 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect. 7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect. 7.3 Köhler theory. 7.4 Charge-enhanced nucleation. 7.5 Droplet growth. Problems. 8 Mixtures and solutions. 8.1 Chemical potentials. 8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions. 8.3 Raoult''s law revisited. 8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions. Problems. 9 Thermal radiation. 9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoff''s law. 9.2 The Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien displacement laws. 9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect. 9.4 Horizontal variations. 9.5 Radiative intensity. 9.6 Radiative transfer. 9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium. 9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas. 9.9 Derivation of the Planck law. Problems. 10 Non-equilibrium processes. 10.1 Energetics of motion. 10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law. 10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems. 10.4 Climate thermodynamics. Problems. Appendix A Functions of several variables. Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability. Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams. Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux. Index.