Since the first edition ofIdentification of Pathogenic Fungi, there has been incredible progress in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fungal diseases: new methods of diagnosis have been introduced, and new antifungal agents have been licensed for use. However, these developments have been offset by the emergence of resistance to several classes of drugs, and an increase in infections caused by fungi with innate resistance to one or more classes.

Identification of Pathogenic Fungi, Second Edition, assists in the identification of over 100 of the most significant organisms of medical importance. Each chapter is arranged so that the descriptions for similar organisms may be found on adjacent pages. Differential diagnosis details are given for each organism on the basis of both colonial appearance and microscopic characteristics for the organisms described.

In this fully updated second edition, a new chapter on the identification of fungi in histopathological sections and smears has been added, while colour illustrations of cultures and microscopic structures have been included, and high quality, four colour digital images are incorporated throughout.

Colin K. Campbell, Health Protection Agency Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK (retired)

Elizabeth M. Johnson, Health Protection Agency Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK

David W. Warnock, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Preface, ix

Acknowledgements, xi

1 Introduction, 1

2 Identification of Moulds, 11

Media for Mould Identification, 14

Mounting Fluids, 16

3 Moulds with Arthrospores, 18

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, 20

Coccidioides species, 24

Onychocola canadensis, 28

4 Moulds with Aleuriospores: I. The Dermatophytes, 31

Microsporum gypseum, 38

Microsporum canis, 40

Microsporum equinum, 42

Epidermophyton floccosum, 44

Trichophyton terrestre, 46

Trichophyton rubrum, 48

Trichophyton interdigitale, 52

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 54

Trichophyton erinacei, 56

Trichophyton equinum, 58

Trichophyton soudanense, 60

Microsporum persicolor, 62

Trichophyton tonsurans, 64

Microsporum audouinii, 66

Trichophyton violaceum, 68

Trichophyton verrucosum, 70

Trichophyton schoenleinii, 72

Trichophyton concentricum, 74

Other Microsporum and Trichophyton species, 76

5 Moulds with Aleuriospores: II. Others, 80

Geomyces pannorum, 82

Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 84

Myceliophthora thermophila, 86

Histoplasma capsulatum, 88

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 92

Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, 96

6 Moulds with Holoblastic Conidia, 99

Aureobasidium pullulans, 102

Sporothrix schenckii, 104

Cladophialophora bantiana, 106

Cladosporium sphaerospermum, 108

Fonsecaea pedrosoi, 110

Rhinocladiella atrovirens, 112

Rhinocladiella mackenziei, 114

Ochroconis gallopava, 116

Alternaria alternata, 118

Ulocladium chartarum, 120

Curvularia lunata, 122

Bipolaris hawaiiensis, 124

Exserohilum rostratum, 126

7 Moulds with Enteroblastic Conidia Adhering in Chains, 129

Aspergillus flavus species complex, 134

Aspergillus fumigatus species complex, 136

Aspergillus glaucus, 138

Aspergillus nidulans species complex, 140

Aspergillus versicolor species complex, 142

Aspergillus ustus species complex, 144

Aspergillus niger species complex, 146

Aspergillus terreus species complex, 148

Aspergillus candidus species complex, 150

Penicillium marneffei, 152

Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 154

Purpureocillium lilacinum, 156

Paecilomyces variotii, 158

8 Moulds with Enteroblastic Conidia Adhering in Wet Masses, 161

Fusarium lichenicola, 166

Fusarium dimerum species complex, 168

Fusarium semitectum, 170

Fusarium proliferatum, 172

Fusarium oxysporum species complex, 174

Fusarium solani species complex, 176

Acremonium strictum, 178

Acremonium kiliense, 180

Lecythophora mutabilis, 182

Scedosporium prolificans, 184

Scedosporium apiospermum, 186

Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, 188

Pleurostomophora richardsiae, 190

Phialophora verrucosa, 192

Hortaea werneckii, 194

Exophiala spinifera, 196

Exophiala dermatitidis, 198

Exophiala jeanselmei, 200

9 Mucoraceous Moulds and Their Relatives, 203

Cunninghamella bertholletiae, 208

Lichtheimia corymbifera, 210

Rhizomucor pusillus, 212

Mucor circinelloides, 214

Rhizopus microsporus, 216

Rhizopus arrhizus, 218

Mucor hiemalis, 220

Basidiobolus ranarum, 222

Conidiobolus coronatus, 224

Pythium insidiosum, 226

Apophysomyces elegans, 228

Saksenaea vasiformis, 230

Mortierella wolfii, 232

10 Miscellaneous Moulds, 235

Aphanoascus fulvescens, 238

Monascus ruber, 240

Chaetomium species, 242

Phoma herbarum, 244

Myxotrichum deflexum, 246

Schizophyllum commune, 248

Leptosphaeria senegalensis, 250

Neotestudina rosatii, 252

Piedraia hortae, 254

Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 256

Pyrenochaeta romeroi, 258

Madurella mycetomatis, 260

11 Identification of Yeasts, 263

Media for Yeast Identification, 272

Candida albicans, 274

Candida tropicalis, 276

Candida krusei, 278

Candida lipolytica, 280

Candida kefyr, 281

Candida lusitaniae, 282

Candida parapsilosis, 284

Candida pelliculosa, 286

Candida guilliermondii, 287

Candida glabrata, 288

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, 290

Rhodotorula glutinis, 292

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 294

Geotrichum candidum, 296

Saprochaete capitata, 298

Trichosporon species, 300

Malassezia furfur species complex, 302

Malassezia pachydermatis, 304

12 Identification of Fungi in Sections, Smears and Body Fluids, 305

Appendix 1: Common Mycological Terms, 321

Appendix 2: Further Reading, 325

Species Index, 327

Subject Index, 333