The first comprehensive guide to modern laboratory planning in ten years to address both construction and operating aspects.
Many of the 30 authors are affiliated with the European Association for Sustainable Laboratory Technologies (EGNATON), which has also endorsed this ready reference. This expert team covers the entire lifecycle of a laboratory facility, starting with the site layout and the planning of the building, followed by the planning of such areas as housing for laboratory animals, clean rooms and production facilities. The next section of the book deals with the installation of laboratory equipment, including storage and emergency facilities, while the final parts address safety and sustainability standards applicable to laboratories, as well as facility management and optimization during normal laboratory operation.
The relevant norms and standards are cited throughout, and examples from recent construction sites are also presented. Hundreds of photographs and drawings, many in full color, provide visual examples of the design and building concepts. As a result, readers will learn how to construct and maintain efficient and long-serving laboratory spaces with a minimum of maintenance costs and a maximum of safety.
An invaluable, practical guide for planners, builders and managers of chemical, biological and medical research laboratories of any size.
List of Contributors XXIII
Preface XXVII
Part I Laboratory Building and Laboratory Equipment Subjects of Laboratory Design of Building and Equipment 1
Egbert Dittrich
1 Introduction: Laboratory Typologies 3
Christoph Heinekamp
1.1 Purpose 4
1.2 Science Direction 5
1.3 Fields of Activities 6
1.4 Working Methods 8
1.5 Physical Structure 8
1.6 Conclusion 12
2 Requirements and Determination of Requirements 13
Christoph Heinekamp
2.1 Area Misuse throughWrong Grids 16
3 Laboratory Concept andWorkstations 21
Christoph Heinekamp
4 Determination of User Needs Goal-Oriented Communication between Planners and Users as a Basis for Sustainable Building 31
Berthold Schiemenz and Stefan Krause
4.1 Work Areas 33
4.2 Work Flows and Room Groups 34
5 Corporate Architecture Architecture of Knowledge 37
Tobias Ell
5.1 Image-The Laboratory as a Brand 38
5.2 Innovation-The Laboratory as the Origin of Knowledge 39
5.3 Excellence: The Laboratory as a Magnet for High Potentials 40
6 Scheduler Tasks in the Planning Process 43
Markus Hammes
6.1 Project Preparation 44
6.2 Integral Planning Teams 44
6.3 User Participation 45
6.4 Planning Process 45
6.5 Execution Phase 46
6.6 Commissioning 46
6.7 Conclusion 47
6.8 Best Practice 47
7 Space for Communication in the Laboratory Building 55
Markus Hammes
7.1 Definition of Terms 55
7.2 Historical Development 56
7.3 Development in the Modern Age- Why and When Were These Ideal Conceptions Lost? 57
7.4 Conclusion for Future Concepts 61
8 Fire Precautions 63
Markus Bauch
8.1 Preventive Fire Protection 63
8.2 Fire Protection Solution for Laboratory Buildings 69
8.3 Fire Protection Solutions for Laboratory Buildings Examples 70
Part II Layout of Technical Building Trades 77
Egbert Dittrich
9 Development in Terms of Building Technology and Requirements of Technical Building Equipment 81
Hermann Zeltner
9.1 Field of Research 82
9.2 Required Flexibility of Laboratory Areas 83
9.3 Number of Floors, Height of the Floor, and Development Extent of the Laboratory Area (Laboratory Landscape) 85
9.4 Plumbing Services 86
9.5 Electrical Installation 88
9.6 Ventilation 89
9.7 Determination and Optimization of the Air Changes Quantities and Definition of Air Systems Required 90
9.8 Creation of an Energy-Optimized Duct System 93
10 Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technology 95
Roland Rydzewski
10.1 Introduction 95
10.2 Air Supply of Laboratory Rooms 96
10.3 Air-Flow Routing in the Room 99
10.4 Numerical Flow Simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)) 102
10.5 Energy-Efficient Systems Engineering 110
10.6 Installation Concepts for Laboratory Buildings from the Point of View of Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Planning 114
11 Electrical Installations 119
Oliver Engel
11.1 Power Supply 119
11.2 Lightings 126
11.3 Data Networks 127
11.4 Central Building Control System 129
12 Service Systems via Ceiling 133
Hansjürg Lüdi
12.1 General Discussion 133
12.2 Flexible Laboratory Room Sizes/Configuration 134
12.3 Major Differentiating Components 139
13 Laboratory Logistics 145
Ines Merten
13.1 Classic Systems 145
13.2 Centralization and Implementation of Logistics Systems in the Building 146
13.3 Consignment and Automatic Storage Facilities 148
13.4 Solvents Supply and Disposal Systems 150
13.5 LaboratoryWork 2030 Objective? 152
13.6 From Small Areas to the Big Picture 153
13.7 Local Transport Systems 153
13.8 Supply and Disposal of Chemicals at theWorkplace 153
13.9 Perspective 154
14 Animal Housing 157
Ina-Maria Müller-Stahn
14.1 General Points 157
14.2 Planning of an Animal Facility 158
14.3 SPF Management of Animals 159
14.4 Animal Management under SPF Status 164
14.5 Decentralized Connection of IVC 165
14.6 Central Connection 165
14.7 Extract Air 165
14.8 Supply through the Barrier 166
14.9 Quarantine 167
14.10 Open Animal Management without Hygiene Requirements 167
14.11 Experimental Animal Facility 168
14.12 Sustainability An Issue in an Animal Facility? 168
15 Technical Research Centers Examples of Highly Sophisticated Laboratory Planning Which Cannot be Schematized 171
Thomas Lischke and Maike Ring
16 Clean Rooms 175
Thomas Lischke
16.1 Wall materials 178
16.2 Ceilings 179
16.3 Fixtures and fittings 179
17 Safety Laboratories 181
Michael Staniszewski
17.1 General Remark 181
17.2 Types of Safety Laboratories 182
17.3 Building Structures 190
Part III Laboratory Casework and Installations 195
Egbert Dittrich
18 Laboratory Casework 197
Egbert Dittrich
18.1 Design 197
18.2 Functionality and Flexibility 200
18.3 Trends 201
19 Work Benches, Sinks, Storage, Supply- and Disposal Systems 203
Egbert Dittrich
19.1 Benches 203
19.2 Sinks 204
19.3 Under Bench Units, Cabinets, Storage Cabinets 208
19.4 Supply and Disposal Systems 211
19.5 Service Carrying Frames 215
20 Fume Cupboards and Ventilated Units 225
Egbert Dittrich
20.1 Technical Data and Selection Criteria 225
20.2 Fume Cupboards and Sustainability 231
20.3 Ventilation Control and Monitoring 231
20.4 Fume Cupboard Monitoring, -Control and Room Control 234
20.5 Laboratory Control 235
20.6 Sash Controller 238
21 Laboratory Furniture Made fromStainless Steel for Clean-Rooms, Labs, Medical-, and Industry Applications 241
Eberhard Dürr
21.1 Areas for Stainless Steel Equipment 241
21.2 Hygienic Requirements of Surfaces 242
21.3 How to Clean and Disinfect Stainless Steel Surfaces 243
21.4 Cleanliness Classes for Sterile Areas 245
21.5 Microorganisms 246
21.6 Summary 253
22 Clean Benches and Microbiological Safety Cabinets 255
Walter Glück
22.1 Laboratory Clean Air Instrument, in General and Definition(s) 255
22.2 Possible Joint Possession of Clean Benches and Microbiological Safety Cabinets 256
22.3 Laboratory Clean Air Instruments Intended to Protect the Samples Clean Benches 258
22.4 Microbiological Safety Cabinets 261
22.5 Microbiological Safety Cabinet Class 1 263
22.6 Microbiological Safety Cabinets Class 2 265
22.7 Enhanced Microbiological Safety Cabinets Class 2 266
22.8 Enhanced Safety of Safety Cabinet Class 2 by Means of Redundant HEPA Filter(s) 269
22.9 Microbiological Safety Cabinet Class 3 271
22.10 Inactivation of Cabinet and Filters 271
23 Safety Cabinets 273
Christian Völk
23.1 History the Development of the Safety Cabinet 273
23.2 Safety Cabinets for Flammable Liquids 274
23.3 Safety Cabinets for Pressurized Gas Cylinders 285
23.4 Safety Cabinets for Acids and Lyes 289
23.5 Test Markings for Safety Cabinets 291
23.6 Special Solutions for the Storage of Flammable Liquids 292
24 Laboratory Service Fittings forWater, Fuel Gases, and Technical Gases 297
Thomas Gasdorf
24.1 Medium 297
24.2 Temperature 297
24.3 Dosing Task 298
24.4 Safety 298
24.5 Place of Installation 298
24.6 Ease of Installation 298
24.7 Materials 299
24.8 Headwork 300
24.9 Seals 300
24.10 According to Standard 300
24.11 Water 300
24.12 Conclusion 305
24.13 Burning Gas 307
24.14 Technical Gases up to 4.5 Purity Grade 310
24.15 Vacuum 313
25 Gases and Gas Supply Systems for Ultra-Pure Gases up to Purity 6.0 317
Franz Wermelinger
25.1 Gases and Status Types 317
25.2 Material Compatibility 319
25.3 Connection Points 319
25.4 Impurities 319
25.5 Supply Systems: Central Building Supply/Local Supply and Laboratory Supply 320
25.6 Central Building Supply (CBS) 323
25.7 Pipe Networks and Zone Shut-Off Valves with Filter 324
25.8 Fitting Supports and Tapping Spots 325
25.9 Local Laboratory Gas Supply 327
25.10 Surfaces Coatings 327
25.11 Inspections 328
25.12 Operation Start-Up and Instruction of the Operating Staff 328
26 Emergency Devices 333
Thomas Gasdorf
26.1 General 333
26.2 Body Showers 334
26.3 Eye-Washer 334
26.4 Emergency Shower Combinations 334
26.5 Hygiene 335
26.6 Testing and Maintenance 335
26.7 Complementary Products 335
Part IV Sustainability and Laboratory Operation 339
27 Sustainability Certification Assessment Criteria and Suggestions 341
Egbert Dittrich
27.1 Certification Systems 342
27.2 Individual Strategies to Implement Sustainability 345
28 Reducing Laboratory Energy Use with Demand-Based Control 351
Gordon P. Sharp
28.1 Reducing Fume Cupboard Flows 351
28.2 ReduceThermal Load Flow Drivers 352
28.3 Vary and Reduce Average ACH Rate Using Demand-Based Control 353
28.4 A New Sensing Approach Provides a Cost-Effective Solution 354
28.5 Demand-Based Control (DBC) Improves Beam Use 355
28.6 A Few Comments on New Lab Ventilation Standards and Guidelines 356
28.7 Case Studies 357
28.8 Capital Cost Reduction Impacts of Demand-Based Control 361
28.9 Conclusions on Lab Energy Efficient Control Approaches 362
References 362
29 Lab Ventilation and Energy Consumption 363
Peter Dockx
29.1 Introduction 363
29.2 Step 1: Minimize Demand! 365
29.3 Step 2: Design Energy Friendly Systems 369
29.4 Step 3: Install and Proper Commission the Installation 374
29.5 Step 4: Maintain the Installation and Monitor 374
29.6 Step 5: Use of Alternative Energy 375
29.7 Conclusion 378
30 Consequences of the 2009 Energy-Saving Ordinance for Laboratories 379
Fritz Runge and Jörg Petri
30.1 The Task Force 379
30.2 Energy Certificates for Laboratory Buildings 380
30.3 Special Energy Characteristics of Laboratory Buildings 385
30.4 Reference Values for the Energy Consumption of Laboratory Buildings 386
30.5 Energy Consumption Values 387
30.6 Reference Quantities 387
30.7 Groups with Homogeneous Characteristics 391
30.8 Conclusions from the Results of the Investigations 392
30.9 Example for the Issue of a Consumption-Based Energy Certificate for a Laboratory Building 394
30.10 Summary 396
Part V Standards and Test Regulations 399
Egbert Dittrich
31 Legislation and Standards 401
Burkhard Winter
31.1 Introduction 401
31.2 Laboratory Planning and Building 402
31.3 Regulations for Labor Safety and Occupational Health 406
References 410
32 Examination, Requirements, and Handling of Fume Cupboards 413
Bernhard Mohr and Bernd Schubert
32.1 Introduction 413
32.2 Principle of Operation 414
32.3 Types of Fume Cupboards 417
32.4 Standards 424
32.5 Safety Criterion 427
32.6 Fume Cupboard Testing 429
32.7 Influences of Real Conditions 432
Part VI Safety in Laboratories 437
Egbert Dittrich
33 Health and Safety An Inherent Part of Sustainability 439
Thomas Brock
33.1 Scope 439
33.2 Legal Foundations 441
33.3 Laboratory Guidelines 443
33.4 Hazardous Substances 446
33.5 Biological Agents 446
33.6 Other Hazards 447
33.7 Occurrence of Accidents and Illnesses 448
33.8 Risk Assessment and Measures 449
References 454
34 Operational Safety in Laboratories 455
Norbert Teufelhart
34.1 Safety Principles 455
34.2 Safety Management 456
34.3 Regulation of Internal Processes 459
34.4 Functional Efficiency of Systems and Equipment 462
34.5 Occupational Medical Care 463
34.6 Employment Restrictions 465
34.7 Access Regulations and Protection againstTheft 466
34.8 Cleanliness and Hygiene 467
34.9 Operation of Safety Systems According to Regulations 472
34.10 Operational Safety in Laboratories Conclusion 479
34.11 Laboratory Rules and Regulations (Sample) 480
34.12 Testing Equipment Registry (Sample) 486
34.13 Screening Examinations for Laboratory Activities (Selection) 488
34.14 Skin Protection Plan (Sample) 492
References 495
Part VII Laboratory Operation 497
Helmut Martens
35 Facility Management in the Life Cycle of Laboratory Buildings 499
Andreas Kühne and Ali-Yetkin Özcan
35.1 Self-Understanding and Background 499
35.2 Process Optimization 500
35.3 FM in the Life Cycle of a Laboratory Building 500
35.4 Concept Phase Laboratory Building 502
35.5 Construction Phase 504
35.6 Use Phase 504
35.7 Revitalization Phase 505
35.8 Deconstructing Phase 507
35.9 Benefits of FM 507
36 Laboratory Optimization 509
Helmut Martens
36.1 The Procedure 510
36.2 The Actual Recording 511
36.3 Determination of the Optimization Potential 512
36.4 Planning and Implementation 513
36.5 Permanent Need for Optimization 514
36.6 An Example 515
36.7 Utilization of Staff 516
36.8 Utilization of Equipment 517
36.9 Employee Retention, Employee Retention Time, Device Runtime 518
36.10 Another Example 518
36.11 Cost 518
36.12 Logistics 519
36.13 Quality 520
36.14 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty 520
36.15 Laboratory Indicators 521
37 Quality Management 523
Helmut Martens
37.1 Quality Control 523
37.2 Quality Assurance 523
37.3 Quality Management 523
37.4 Creation and Maintenance of a Quality Management System 524
37.5 The Purpose of Systematic Quality Management 525
37.6 Integrated Management Systems 525
37.7 Certification or Accreditation 526
37.8 International Recognition of Accreditation 527
37.9 Central Functions of Quality Management 527
37.10 Responsibilities of the Quality Manager in Practice 529
37.11 Implementation of a Quality Management System in the Laboratory 529
37.12 Documents 530
37.13 Expiration of Accreditation Project 532
38 Data 535
Helmut Martens
38.1 Data Systems 536
38.2 Data Systems at the Corporate Management Level 536
38.3 LIMS 537
38.4 LIMS Selection and Procurement 537
38.5 Requirements for a Specification 540
38.6 Selection of Suitable Suppliers 541
38.7 Data Privacy and Data Security 542
38.8 Risk Assessment 543
38.9 Safety Management 544
38.10 System Documentation 546
38.11 Emergency Plan 547
Index 549
