Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
1 English Grammar 101 1
1.1 Parts of Speech: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, and so on 1
1.1.1 Noun = Subject(Person,Place,Thing) 2
1.1.2 Pronoun = Expresses a Distinction of a Person 2
1.1.3 Adjective = Words That Describe or Modify a Noun 2
1.1.4 Verb = Action Word 2
1.1.4.1 The Use of the Two Verbs; Can vs. May 2
1.1.5 Adverb = Words That Modify a Verb 3
1.1.5.1 Good (adj.) vs. Well (adv.) 4
1.1.6 Gerund = Using -ing, an Action Word, a Verb Becomes a Noun 4
1.1.7 Prepositions Indicate a Relation Between Things 5
1.1.7.1 Between (zwischen) vs. Among (unter); two confusing prepositions 5
1.1.8 Conjunctions Connect Two Words, Phrases, or Clauses 5
1.1.9 Interjections: Words of Exclamation, Interjections or Expressions of an Emotion or Sentiment 6
1.2 Practical Usage of Adjectives and Their Comparative and Superlative Forms 6
1.2.1 Citius, Altius, Fortius! (Faster, Higher, Stronger!) 6
1.2.1.1 One-Syllable Adjectives 6
1.2.1.2 Two-Syllable Adjectives 8
1.2.1.3 Adjectives with Three or More Syllables 9
1.2.1.4 Exceptions Irregular Adjectives 9
1.2.2 QUIZ YOURSELF: Practical Usage of Adjectives and Their Comparative and Superlative Forms 10
1.2.2.1 Part I: Answer the Following Questions in the Space Provided 10
1.2.2.2 Part II: Quiz Based on Text Below First Read the Paragraph Below and Then Write the Adjective in [Brackets] into its Correct Comparative or Superlative Form in the Spaces Below 11
1.3 Use of Questioning Words for the Inquisitive Lab Worker 11
1.3.1 What are the Questioning Words Used in Speech? 12
1.3.2 Questioning Words; Further Applications in Sentence Form Practical Use of Questioning Words 13
2 English Grammar 102 15
2.1 Capitalization Rules (Regeln für Groß- und Kleinschreibung) 15
2.1.1 German vs. English Language Capitalization Rules 15
2.1.2 Basic Capitalization Rules with Exemplary Sentences 16
2.1.2.1 Gender Titles (Geschlechtsbezeichnungen) 19
2.1.2.2 Professional Titles (Further Discussed in Section 5.1) 19
2.1.2.3 First Word of the Salutation and Complimentary Closing to a Brief or Letter 19
2.1.2.4 Words Capitalized When They Stand before or after aNameor When Used as Part of a Name 19
2.1.2.5 QUIZ YOURSELF: Capitalization Correct for Any Capitalization Mistake(s) 20
2.2 Punctuation Marks and Punctuation Rules (Interpunktionszeichen und Interpunktionsregeln) 20
2.2.1 Punctuation Marks 20
2.2.2 Punctuation Marks and Their Usage 21
2.2.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Punctuation Marks in the Space Provided, Where Necessary, Make Corrections to the Sentences Punctuation 24
2.3 Spelling Hints, Tips, and a Rule with Exceptions! 24
2.3.1 Two confusing words: Receipt and Recipe 24
2.3.2 German versus English: Words Spelled with ie or ei and Their Pronunciation 25
2.3.3 The Spelling Rule with Exceptions: Words in English with ie vs. ei 26
2.3.4 European English 27
3 Technical English Vocabulary 29
3.1 Grammar 101: Homonyms 29
3.1.1 Homonyms That are Spelled the Same, yet Many Times Have a Different Pronunciation, and Different Meanings 30
3.1.2 Homonyms with Similar Pronunciations, But Having a Different Meaning and Spelling 32
3.1.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Homonyms 38
3.2 Prefixes and Suffixes 39
3.2.1 Useful Hints Toward Deciphering the Technical Words Definition 39
3.2.1.1 Photosynthesis A Wonderful Scientific Word to Start with This Topic, Prefixes-/Suffixes! 40
3.2.1.2 Prefixes and Suffixes 41
3.2.1.3 Quiz Yourself 42
3.2.1.4 Scientific-/Technical Vocabulary List with Prefixes and Suffixes 43
3.2.1.5 QUIZ YOURSELF on Prefixes/Suffixes 47
3.3 Synonyms vs. Antonyms 47
3.3.1 Three Examples of Synonyms with Specific Prefixes and their Antonyms 48
3.3.2 QUIZ YOURSELF: Synonyms vs. Antonyms 49
4 Specialized Usages of English Language 51
4.1 Gender Wars: Masculine vs. Feminine Words 51
4.1.1 English Words of Gender A Basic List 51
4.2 Comparisons of British (Oxford) EnglishBrE vs. American EnglishAmE : The Spelling and Expression Wars! 52
4.2.1 Spelling Differences Between British and American-English 55
4.2.2 Other Spelling Differences Between BrE and AmE 57
4.2.3 Irregular Spelling (Follows No Definite Rule) 57
4.2.4 British Words or Expressions, Which are Rarely Used by Americans 58
4.2.5 BrE vs. AmE Other Expressions and their meanings with Translations 59
4.2.6 BrE Versus AmE; Other Differences 60
5 MBA 101 Business Communication Skills 61
5.1 Abbreviations for Everyday Needs in the Laboratory 61
5.1.1 Common German Language Abbreviations with Translations in English 61
5.1.2 Abbreviation Lists 62
5.1.2.1 Common Abbreviations, Some Which Will Further Appear in Other Chapters of This Book 62
5.1.2.2 Abbreviations for Scientific Equipment 64
5.1.2.3 Abbrevations for Regulatory Affairs and Industry 64
5.1.3 Abbreviations for Certain Measurements 65
5.1.4 World Time Zone Abbreviations (Useful for Global Business Purposes) 66
5.1.5 International Currency Symbols 67
5.1.6 European Company Entities 67
5.1.7 What do These Business Titles or Abbreviations Mean (Discussed Further in Section 6.1)? 68
5.1.8 Abbreviations for Months of the Year/Days of the Week 68
5.1.9 Time of Day Abbreviations 69
5.1.10 Gender (Geschlecht) Title Abbreviations 70
5.1.11 Professional Title Abbreviations 70
5.1.12 Abbreviations of Nations, Political Units or Governmental-/Military Organizations 71
5.1.13 Company Legal Entities Abbreviations 71
5.1.14 NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations 73
5.2 Oral Communication Skills 75
5.2.1 English Language& Usage 75
5.2.1.1 Schadenfreude, A Good Example of a German Loan Word 75
5.2.1.2 Expressions, Idioms& Proverbs 76
5.2.1.3 Expressions, Idioms, and Proverbs 76
5.2.1.4 Special Quotes or Proverbs from Well-Known People 82
5.2.1.5 QUIZ YOURSELF: Business Expressions, Idioms, and Proverbs 83
5.3 Writing Communication Skills 84
5.3.1 Improving Your Automatic E-mail Response (When Away from the Lab Station or Desk) 84
5.3.1.1 Business Travel 85
5.3.1.2 Two Anonymous Examples of Automatic E-Mail Responses 85
5.3.1.3 Lesson for only German and English automatic E-mail responses 87
5.3.1.4 Below are Five Different Automatic German/English E-mail Responses 88
5.3.1.5 Transitional Words or Phrases for Business Communication 91
5.4 Business Writing Communication Skills 92
5.4.1 Writing Effective E-mails and Business Letters 92
5.4.1.1 A Professional Business Letters Format What Should it Contain? 94
5.4.1.2 Writing an Effective E-mail 96
5.5 Writing a ShortBio (Short Biography) 99
6 MBA 102 Business Communication Skills 101
6.1 Company Hierarchies and Business Titles Used in Industry 101
6.1.1 Your Business Title, its your Sheriffs Badge, so Wear It Well! 101
6.1.2 Executive Management What are Typical Business Titles for C-Level Positions 101
6.1.3 Flow Chart: A Typical Global Fortune 500 Companys Hierarchy 102
6.2 Participating in a Sector Industry Event 103
6.2.1 Comparing an onsite Seminar vs. an online Webinar 103
6.2.2 Participating in Typical Sector Industry Event Interpreting a Full-Day Seminar Program 105
6.2.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Interpreting a Seminar Program 106
6.3 Participating in a Webinar 107
6.3.1 What is a Webinar? 107
6.3.2 Reading Comprehension: Reviewing a Flyer from a Seminar Program 108
6.3.2.1 QUIZ YOURSELF: Reading Comprehension 111
6.3.3 What did you Learn from this Lesson? 111
6.4 Business Speaking Skills 112
6.4.1 The Elevator Speech, the 30 Second(s) Drill 112
6.4.2 Small Talk, the Fine Art of Schmoozing 113
6.4.2.1 Learning Small Talk How to Become a Good Schmoozer 114
6.4.2.2 Small Talk Topics to Select from and Schmooze with 114
6.4.3 Making a Presentation: Presenting to Industry Colleagues at a Conference, Congress, or Trade Show 117
6.4.3.1 Key Phrases or Expressions to Consider Using in a Presentation 118
6.4.3.2 The Template for a Presentation 121
7 Science 101 125
7.1 Branches of Science Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Other Related Fields of Science 125
7.2 Weather and Meteorology 126
7.3 Meteorology 127
7.4 Fields of Science 128
7.4.1 Studies in the Field of Biology 128
7.4.2 Studies in the Field of Chemistry 133
7.4.3 Studies in the Field of Physics 135
7.5 Soft vs. Hard Sciences 138
7.6 Capitalization Rules for the Various Fields of Science 139
7.7 Branches of Medicine The Many Facets and Faces of the Medical Field 139
7.7.1 QUIZ YOURSELF: Branches of Medicine 142
8 Bio-Medicine 102 145
8.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology: An In-depth Look at the Human Endocrine System 145
8.1.1 Mr. Hs Tip: Prefixes with Greek or Latin Language Roots, which are Heavily Used in Chemistry, Medicine and Other Sciences 147
8.1.2 Comparing Endocrine (Ductless) Gland vs. Exocrine (Duct) Gland 147
8.1.3 The Endocrine System 148
8.2 Laboratory Animals 150
8.2.1 The Animal Kingdom: Gender, Grouping, and Offspring Names 150
8.2.2 QUIZ YOURSELF The Animal Kingdom: Gender, Grouping, and Offspring names 152
8.2.3 Working with Laboratory Animals 154
8.2.4 Dissection and its Instrumentation 155
9 Chemistry 101 157
9.1 Introduction to Basic Chemistry Terminology 157
9.1.1 Matter 158
9.1.2 Basic Chemistry Terminology 158
9.1.3 Elements of the Periodic Table 159
9.1.4 Elements Selected by Their Importance in the Laboratory 160
9.1.5 What is a Salt? 162
9.1.6 Metals 162
9.1.7 Noble Gases 165
9.1.8 QUIZ YOURSELF Elements of the Periodic Table 165
9.1.9 Elements: Their Atomic Numbers, Atomic Masses, and Isotopes 167
9.1.9.1 QUIZ YOURSELF: Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 168
9.1.9.2 QUIZ YOURSELF: Calculating Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 168
9.1.10 Isotopes: Elements With the Same Atomic Number, but Varying Atomic Masses 168
9.1.10.1 QUIZ YOURSELF Isotopes: Calculating the Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 169
9.1.11 Covalent versus Ionic: Two Major Chemical Bonds 169
9.1.12 Physical vs. Chemical Properties of Substances 169
9.1.12.1 Comparing Physical vs. Chemical Properties of Substances 170
9.1.12.2 Mr. H Puts Forth a Puzzling Question 171
9.1.12.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Which is it, a Physical or Chemical Change? 172
9.2 Nomenclature Organic and Inorganic Chemistry 173
9.2.1 Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature for Ionic Bonded Compounds 173
9.2.1.1 Binary Compounds (Contains Two Elements) With the -ide Suffix 174
9.2.1.2 Some Binary Compound Acids, Which Have -ic Suffixes 174
9.2.1.3 Compounds with CN ,OH , Which Use the -ide Suffix 174
9.2.1.4 When to Use the -ite and -ate Suffixes 174
9.2.1.5 Acids and Their Anions 175
9.2.1.6 When to Use the -ic and -ous Suffixes 175
9.2.1.7 When to Use the bi- and di- Hydrogen Prefix 175
9.2.2 Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature Covalent Bonding 176
9.2.3 Organic Chemistry Nomenclature for Many a Nightmare (Albtraum)! 177
9.2.3.1 Cracking Organic Chemistrys DaVinci Code it All Comes Down to Prefixes and Suffixes! 177
9.2.3.2 QUIZ YOURSELF: Organic Chemistry Nomenclature 178
9.3 Acids,Bases,and pH 179
9.3.1 Acids and Bases Terminology 179
9.3.2 pH Scale Various Substances and their pH Ranges 181
9.3.3 Pepsin and Trypsin Two Important Human Digestive (Verdauungssystem) Enzymes and their pH Values 182
9.3.4 QUIZ YOURSELF: Acids, Bases, Neutral Substances, and pH 183
9.3.4.1 In the Brackets, Circle the Correct Answers 183
9.3.4.2 Multiple Choice Questions 183
9.3.4.3 Matching Quiz 184
9.3.4.4 QUIZ YOURSELF: Organic and Inorganic Compounds 184
9.4 Laboratory Equipment, Utensils, and Apparatus 187
9.4.1 QUIZ YOURSELF: Laboratory Equipment, Utensils, and Apparatus 188
9.4.2 QUIZ YOURSELF: Laboratory Equipment, Utensils, and Apparatus 190
10 Biochemistry 102 193
10.1 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 193
10.1.1 Carbohydrates and Their Chemistry 193
10.1.2 Sugar, Cellulose, and Starch: The Three Carbohydrates 194
10.1.2.1 Sugars 194
10.1.2.2 Cellulose 195
10.1.2.3 Starch 195
10.1.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Place the Letter from Column B with Its Correct Answer from Column A 196
10.1.4 Lipids 196
10.1.5 Proteins 199
10.1.6 QUIZ YOURSELF: Lipids and Proteins 199
10.1.7 QUIZ YOURSELF: Lipids and Proteins Translate into either German or English 200
10.2 Nutrition 200
10.2.1 Typical Nutritional Label for a Food Product Sold in the USA 201
10.2.2 The Food Pyramid Food Groups and the Recommended Amount per Day 202
10.2.3 Vitamins 202
10.2.4 QUIZ YOURSELF: Vitamins 206
10.2.5 QUIZ YOURSELF: Fill in the Blanks 207
10.2.6 QUIZ YOURSELF: Translate into either German or English 207
10.3 Fermentation and its Industrial Applications 207
10.3.1 Ethanol Production 209
10.4 The 3 Es: Emulsions, Emulsifiers, and Enzymes 210
10.4.1 Emulsion 210
10.4.2 Emulsifier 212
10.4.3 Enzymes and Their Applications in Industry 213
10.4.3.1 Trypsin, Amylase, and Pepsin 213
10.4.3.2 Human Digestive Enzymes and the Food Products They Help Digest 215
10.4.3.3 The Human Digestive System 215
10.4.3.4 Enzymes as Catalysts 216
10.4.4 QUIZ YOURSELF The 3Es; Emulsifiers, Emulsions, Enzymes 217
10.4.5 Reading Comprehension Chemical Digestion of Protein 217
11 Chemistry 103 221
11.1 Physical Properties of Compounds 221
11.2 Describing a Substance or Compounds Physical Properties 221
11.3 Quiz Yourself 225
12 Physics 101 227
12.1 What Is Physics? 227
12.2 Sound Waves vs. Light Waves 228
12.2.1 Convex and Concave Lenses 229
12.2.2 Refraction through Water or Air 230
12.2.3 What is Sound? 230
12.3 Force 231
12.4 Gravity 232
12.5 Osmosis 233
12.6 Temperature 234
12.7 Torque 235
12.8 Viscosity 238
12.9 QUIZ YOURSELF Is it Force, Torque, Temperature, or Viscosity thats being described? 239
12.10 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 240
12.11 Astronomy 242
12.11.1 The HertzsprungRussell Diagram 242
12.11.2 Spectral Classifications of Stars 243
12.11.3 The Big Bang (Urknall)Theory 244
13 Regulatory Affairs 101 245
13.1 Regulatory Affairs 245
13.1.1 GHS Classification and LabelingAmE System 246
13.1.2 Implementation of Regulations for Potential Global Crisises 248
13.1.3 Regulatory, What Does It Actually Mean? 249
13.1.4 European Regulatory Authorities, Governmental Organizations, and Agencies 254
13.1.5 National Regulatory Authorities 256
13.1.6 International Regulatory Authorities, Organizations& Agencies 257
13.1.7 USA Regulatory Authorities, Governmental Organizations, and Agencies 258
13.1.8 QUIZ YOURSELF: Match the City and Nation with the Correct Regulatory Organization 259
13.2 EU REACH Regulation, Its Language, Terminology, and Abbreviations 260
13.2.1 The Supply Chain 261
13.2.2 REACHs Unique Language 262
13.2.3 QUIZ YOURSELF REACH Terminology 267
13.3 CAS Numbers Identifying Compounds, Reagents, and Chemicals 270
13.4 The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)/Safety Data Sheet (SDS): Terminology 271
13.4.1 The Difference Between an MSDS and SDS 271
13.4.2 The 16 Sections of a Typical MSDS/SDS 273
13.4.3 Example of an MSDS and Its 16 Sections 274
13.4.4 QUIZ YOURSELF The Sections of a Typical MSDS 279
13.5 Health Risks and Occupational Safety: Expressions for Use in the Lab 280
14 Legal Language 101 283
14.1 Introduction 283
14.2 Reviewing a Typical Contract, Which Concerns Two Parties 283
14.3 Preparing for the Visit of an English-speaking Technical Representative 293
14.4 Analyzing and Understanding a Warrantys Terms and Conditions (Geschäftsbedingungen) 296
14.4.1 Reading Comprehension Based on an Actual Warranty 296
15 Mathematics 101 299
15.1 Basic Math Operations and Terminology 300
15.2 Numerals, Factors, and Words of Succession (Ranking or Order) 300
15.2.1 Numerals 301
15.2.2 Factor Numbers 301
15.2.3 Numbers of Succession 302
15.2.4 Fractions 302
15.2.5 Time and Frequency 303
15.2.6 Words of Succession (Rank or Order) 303
15.3 Geometry and Geometric Shapes 304
15.4 Velocity (Speed) 305
15.5 Density 306
15.5.1 Calculating Density 307
15.5.2 Calculating a Three-Dimensional Objects Volume 307
15.6 Exponents (Scientific Notation) 310
16 Measurements 313
16.1 The Metric System 313
16.1.1 Measuring Temperature Comparing Celsius (C) Versus Fahrenheit (F) Temperatures 314
16.1.2 Measuring Sizes with the Metric System 315
16.1.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Measuring Sizes with the Metric System 315
16.2 The Micro Versus Macro Worlds 316
16.2.1 The Microscope, an Instrument Used to Observe the Micro-World 316
16.2.2 The Telescope, an Instrument Used to Observe Our Macro-World. 316
17 Biology 101 317
17.1 Biological Applications Used in Industry 317
17.2 The Cell, the Basic Unit of Life 318
17.3 Comparisons: Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes 318
17.3.1 What are Prokaryotes? 318
17.3.2 What are Eukaryotes? 319
17.3.3 Comparing Prokaryotic (Bacteria) vs. Eukaryotic Cells (Plant and Animal Cells) 321
17.3.4 Comparisons: Plant Versus Animal Cells 321
17.3.5 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 322
17.4 Hierarchy and Organization of Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, and the Organism 323
17.5 The Protists, Uni-cellular Organisms 324
17.5.1 Tissue, a Group of Cells Functioning Together Form a Tissue 324
17.5.2 Types of Human or Animal Tissues 325
17.5.3 Types of Connective Tissue 325
17.5.4 Ligaments and Tendons Specialized Connective Tissue 326
17.5.5 Vascular Tissue (Blood, Lymph) 327
17.5.6 Muscle Tissue (Smooth, Cardiac, and Striated) 329
17.5.6.1 Muscle Tissue (Mammal) 329
17.5.7 Muscle Tissue 330
17.6 Organ,a Group of Tissues Functioning Together (Organ, Pronounced like, Morgen) 331
17.7 System, a Group of Organs Functioning Together 333
17.8 Organism, a Group of Systems Functioning Together 334
17.9 Comparing Vertebrates (Wirbeltiere) vs. Invertebrates (Wirbellose Tiere) 334
17.9.1 Mammals 334
17.9.2 Birds 336
17.9.3 Exothermic (Cold-Blooded) Vertebrates 337
17.9.4 Reptiles and Amphibians, also Exothermic Vertebrates 338
17.9.5 Invertebrates, Animals Without Backbones 338
17.9.6 Arthropods 339
17.9.7 QUIZ YOURSELF: Vertebrates versus Invertebrates 340
17.10 Advanced Biology Terminology 341
18 Sector Industry Terminology 343
18.1 Cosmetics and Toiletries (C&T), Personal or Consumer Health Care, Household Cleaning Products 343
18.1.1 What is an Anti-Perspirant? Deodorant? Anti-Itch Cream or Anti-Acne Ointment? 344
18.1.2 Perspiration vs. Transpiration 345
18.1.3 A commonly asked question: How does a Cream differ from an Ointment? 346
18.1.4 Cosmetics and Toiletries (C&T), Personal or Consumer Health Care, Household Cleaning Products 347
18.2 Coating, Spraying, Tabletting Technology 350
18.2.1 Defining the Meaning for Coating, Spraying, and Tabletting 350
18.2.2 Coating, Spraying, and Tabletting Terminology for Chemicals, Food, Cosmetics, Consumer or Personal Health Care, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Products 353
18.2.3 QUIZ YOURSELF: Storage and the Stocking of Chemicals 358
18.3 Flavor and Fragrance Terminology 359
18.4 Medical, Pharma, and Consumer Health: How Drugs and Medications are Administered to Humans 360
Answers 365
Chapter 1: English Grammar 101 365
Chapter 2: English Grammar 102 365
Chapter 3: Technical English Vocabulary 367
Chapter 5: MBA 101 Business Communications Skills 367
Chapter 6: MBA 102 Business Communications Skills 368
Chapter 7: Science 101 369
Chapter 8: Bio-Medicine 102 370
Chapter 9: Chemistry 101 370
Chapter 10: Biochemistry 102 373
Chapter 11: Chemistry 103 374
Chapter 12: Physics 101 374
Chapter 13: Regulatory Affairs 101 374
Chapter 14: Legal Language 101 376
Chapter 15: Mathematics 101 376
Chapter 16: Measurements 377
Chapter 17: Biology 101 377
Sources of Educational Materials Textbooks, Publications, and Online Sources 379
Astronomy, Earth Science 379
Biology 379
Chemistry 380
English Grammar, Business Communication Skills 380
Regulatory and Legal 380
Sector Industry or Trade Organizations 381
Physics 381
Mathematics 381
Other Online Sources Used for This Book 382
Industry Related Sources 383
