A fully updated new edition of thispractical guide to managing anesthesia in horsesand other equids, providingupdated and expanded informationina concise, easy-to-read format

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesiaprovides practitioners and veterinary students withconcise, highly practicalguidance toanesthetizing horses,donkeys,and mules.Using a bulleted quick-reference format,this popularresourcecoversthebasic physiological and pharmacologicalprinciples ofanesthesia,patientpreparationandmonitoring,and the management of sedation andanesthesia. Chapters written by leading veterinary anesthesiologistscontain numerous clinical imagesandillustrations, case examples, tables, diagrams, andboxedsummaries ofimportantpoints.

Now in full color, thesecondeditionfeatures extensivelyrevised andupdatedinformation throughout. Newsections coverchronic pain, management of horses undergoing MRI, ventilators, nerve blocks for reproductive surgery, muscle relaxants, variousnew drugs, paravertebralanesthesia, treatment of pain using acupuncture and physical rehabilitation techniques,and more. Up-to-dateappendicescontaindrug lists and dosages as well as equations related to equine cardiovascularand respiratory systems.Thisconcise, easy-to-followguide:

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia, Second Edition,remains a must-have resource forallequine practitionersandveterinary studentsinvolved with anesthetizing horses.

The editors

Tom Doherty, MVB, MSc, Dip ACVAA, is Professor (retired) at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Alex Valverde, DVM, DVSc, Dip ACVAA, is Professor at Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Rachel A. Reed, DVM, DACVAA, is Clinical Associate Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

List of Contributors xi

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvi

1 Preoperative Evaluation and Patient Preparation1

The Risk of Equine Anesthesia 1
Tanya Duke-Novakovski

Patient Preparation 5
Tanya Duke-Novakovski

2 Serum Chemistry and Hematology8
Carla Sommardahl

3 The Cardiovascular System19

Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 19
Tamara Grubb

Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System 36
Daniel G. Kenney

4 The Respiratory System50

Anatomy of the Equine Respiratory System 50
Robert Reed

Physiology of the Respiratory System 55
Carolyn Kerr

Evaluation of the Respiratory System 67
Tom Doherty

Airway Management 68
Tom Doherty

Tracheostomy 78
Tanner Snowden and Jim Schumacher

5 The Renal System86
Natalie S. Chow

6 Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesia98
Tanya Duke-Novakovski

7 The Autonomic Nervous System110
Christine Egger

8 Electrolyte and Fluid Therapy119

Electrolytes 119
Rachel A. Reed

Fluid Therapy 125
Christopher K. Smith

9 Acid-Base Physiology137

Traditional Approach 137
Alex Valverde and Tom Doherty

Physicochemical Approach 147
Diego E. Gomez and Alex Valverde

10 Hemostasis and Hemotherapy155

Hemostasis 155
Kira L. Epstein

Hemotherapy 162
Kira L. Epstein

11 Thermoregulation173
Chiara E. Hampton

12 Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Equine Anesthesia184

Phenothiazines 184
Alicia Skelding

Butyrophenones 186
Alicia Skelding

2-Adrenergic Agonists 188
Alicia Skelding

Opioids 196
Alicia Skelding

Trazadone 205
Alicia Skelding

Benzodiazepines 206
Alicia Skelding

Guaifenesin 209
Alicia Skelding

Ketamine 210
Alicia Skelding

Tiletamine and Zolazepam (TZ) 213
Alicia Skelding

Alfaxalone 214
Alicia Skelding

Propofol 216
Alicia Skelding

Barbiturates 218
Alicia Skelding

Intravenous lidocaine 219
Patricia Queiroz-Williams

Horse-related drug Regulations in Europe 222
Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Simone K. Ringer

13 Inhalational Anesthetics223
Rachel A. Reed

14 Local Anesthetics232
Catherine M. Creighton and Leigh Lamont

15 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Horses244
Manuel Martin-Flores and Daniel M. Sakai

16 Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Corticosteroids250

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 250
Stephanie Kleine

Corticosteroids 259
Stephanie Kleine

17 Anesthetic Machines and Equipment266
Rachel A. Reed

18 Positioning the Anesthetized Horse287
Hui Chu Lin

19 Monitoring the Anesthetized Horse294

Monitoring the Central Nervous System 294
Joanna C. Murrell

Cardiovascular Monitoring 300
Alanna N. Johnson

Respiratory Monitoring 310
Alanna N. Johnson

Anesthetic Agent Monitoring 323
Alanna N. Johnson

Monitoring Temperature 324
Chiara E. Hampton

Monitoring Neuromuscular Function 328
Manuel Martin-Flores and Daniel M. Sakai

20 Standing Sedation333
Catherine M. Creighton

21 General Anesthesia Techniques339
Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Simone K. Ringer

22 Anesthesia of the Head and Neck352

Anesthesia of the Head 352
Jim Schumacher, John Schumacher, and Ray Wilhite

Maxillary Nerve Block in Donkeys 358
Usama Hagag

Cervical Plexus Block 363
Luis Campoy

23 Anesthesia of the Eye369
Daniel S. Ward

24 Anesthesia of the Limbs376
Jim Schumacher, John Schumacher, and Ray Wilhite

25 Anesthesia of the Perineum and Testicle396

Pudendal Nerve Block Electrostimulation Technique 396
Kirsty Gallacher and Luiz Santos

Pudendal Nerve Block Blind Approach 399
Jim Schumacher

Local Anesthesia for Castration 400
Philip D. Jones

26 Anesthesia of the Abdominal Wall404

Thoracolumbar Paravertebral Block (TPVB) Electrostimulation Technique 404
Luiz Santos and Kirsty Gallacher

Paravertebral Nerve Block Blind Technique 406
Alex Valverde

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block 409
Alex Valverde and Flavio SA. Freitag

Caudal Intercostal Block for Abdominal Surgery (CIBAS) 413
Benjamin Gingold

27 Epidural Analgesia and Anesthesia416
Alex Valverde

28 Pathophysiology of Pain425
Rachel A. Reed

29 Pain Recognition in Horses431
Karina B. Gleerup, Casper Lindegaard, and Pia Haubro Andersen

30 Management of Pain450

The Pharmacologic Approach to Pain Management 450
Rachel A. Reed

Rehabilitation Modalities for Acute and Chronic Pain in Horses 456
Tena L. Ursini

Equine Acupuncture 462
Neal Valk

31 Anesthesia of Foals472
Tom Doherty and Alex Valverde

32 Anesthesia of Horses with Intestinal Emergencies (Colic)494
Tom Doherty

33 Anesthesia of the Geriatric Horse501
Reza M. Seddighi

34 Anesthesia and Pregnancy511
Lydia Donaldson

35 Anesthesia for Equine Imaging522
Carrie A. Davis

36 Anesthesia of Donkeys and Mules543

Anatomic, Physiologic, and Behavioral Differences 543
Suzanne L. Burnham

Sedation and Anesthesia of Donkeys and Mules 548
Tom Doherty

Donkey Pain Assessment Scales 552
Machteld van Dierendonck and Thijs van Loon

37 Remote Capture of Equids565
Nigel Caulkett

38 Complications573

Intraoperative Hypotension 573
Christopher K. Smith and Tom Doherty

Intraoperative Hypertension 580
Tom Doherty

Hypoxia and Hypoxemia 582
Rachel A. Reed

Hypercarbia 588
Tom Doherty

Pulmonary Edema as a Consequence of Airway Obstruction 590
Tom Doherty

Endotoxemia 592
Tom Doherty

Postanesthetic Myopathy 594
Krista B. Mitchell

Neuropathy 599
Rachel A. Reed

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) 604
Alanna N. Johnson and Rachel A. Reed

Malignant Hyperthermia 609
Alanna N. Johnson and Rachel A. Reed

Delayed Awakening and Recovery 611
Tom Doherty

Paraphimosis and Priaprism 614
Meggan Graves and Jim Schumacher

Anaphylactic and Anaphylactoid Reactions 621
Rachel A. Reed

Intra-carotid and Perivascular Injections 624
Rachel A. Reed

Equine Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 627
Genevieve Bussieres

39 Recovery from Anesthesia633
Bernd Driessen

40 Euthanasia653
Ron Jones and Tom Doherty

Index 661